necessary to solve them may not be possible without improved social structures to provide the necessary guidance, stimulation, inspiration, and psychical reinforcement.

The emergence of a new concept of constitutional democracy with emphasis on interpretations which implement the protection of minority interests-is almost certain to liberalize marriage and family arrangements. This trend is possibly being accentuated-slowly, of course-through biological evolution which, as among rabbits and dogs, appears to be producing a wider range of variations, each with its own special interests. To the extent that the Supreme Court recognizes and appreciates this diversity of interests, its interpretations will be more liberal.

The imminence of nuclear war is not only sharpening awareness of the need for tolerance of differences, but also awakening mankind to the need for a more adventurous, less lonely, more enjoyable pattern of peaceful coexistence. With increased wealth and leisure, man faces the danger of being bored into welcoming war, a point long ago made by William James. To avoid this, he may be impelled to make an all-out effort to create a world in which love in its infinite varieties, rather than hate in its varieties, has greater opportunity for expression.

As we move forward into the Great Society-with increased leisure, medicare, and security for all there may develop a growing "laziness," a parasitism, an unwillingness to work. "With so many people to provide help, sustenance, and succor . . . numerous clients devote their lives to being helped," states critic W. Ray Poindexter. To counteract this practice of rewarding those who find excuses for not working, new motivations may be necessary. In an era of prosperity, with its various relief programs, one no longer has to work to avert starvation. Unless new incentive are discovered, idleness is likely to increase. Socially controlled sexual expression may in part be the answer. Many who otherwise would be parasites, through more adequate opportunities for gratifying adventures, be motivated to work.

Although it may be centuries before the foregoing trends significantly alter the traditional pattern of marriage, changes are on the way. I do not mean to suggest that marriage in its present form will cease to be. Certainly it may continue but not as the only legitimate form of sexual union. Despite the foregoing trends, monogamy may continue to be preferred by a sizeable minority if not a majority.

Marriage is being examined closely and critically. its deficiencies being recognized and publicly admitted. No longer do we think of it as a panacea. We recognize its shortcomings —that it cannot serve the needs of all types of human beings, that it often fails to provide a framework within which to live joyously and abundantly, et cetera.

While few can say with assurance what modifications are in order, I shall suggest several possibilities. The reader may judge whether they are desirable or undesirable, practicable or unpracticable, moral or immoral. These possibilities I shall attempt to array in order of their acceptability.

POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS IN MARRIAGE

1. Laws may be liberalized to permit divorce, without excessive costs or alimony, whenever either husband or wife desires it. To restrict Don Juanim, a waiting period may be required before remarriage. Provisions for children will be discussed later.

2. The marriage ceremony may be modified. Instead of couple vowing to remain together till death, they will pledge to observe certain standards while married and others if divorced, such as the keeping of confidences. The ceremony may involve the signing of a contract in which bride and

groom agree to perform certain services and pay certain expenses as some Women Libbers suggest. The principle of fairness may to some extent supplant romantic love, fairness meaning not to use fraud and trickery in the exchange of commodities and feelings. As in other business contracts, there will be obligations. If the bride agrees to pay the rent and the groom to buy groceries, neither will be legally responsible for the debts of the other. Or if the groom agrees to fire the furnace and does not, the wife may garnishee his wages and hire a janitor.

3. In view of the need for more knowledge, marriage may come to be considered not a sacrament but, among other things, an experiment. Margaret Mead and others have discussed this possibility. As other socio-psychological experiments, it may be set up for various periods ranging, say, from three months to ten years-with a few, as now, being for life. Each experiment will be evaluated by tested criteria. When a marriage experiment is completed, it may be renewed for whatever period the parties desire. Convention and custom will doubtless contribute to making some experimental patterns more popular than others.

The foregoing three changes may occur within the relatively near future. Others, more radical, may follow. To relieve the loneliness of population pressure, gain a closer cohesion than is possible in milling crowds, and develop a feeling of oneness with one's fellow creatures, pluralistic experiments may emerge.

4. Along with monogamy, polygyny may be practiced-but not as in the past. It will be more democratic. No class of males, by taking more than its share, will deprive others of wives. Polygynous arrangements will usually be fore relatively short periods, not for life. In most instances they will be merely a matter of convenience a means of providing a colorful, sociable environment for surplus women. Polygyny, to some, may be considered just one experience among others, as seasonal membership on a bowling team. To some it may be primarily a means of furthering sex education, experiments showing the limits of its efficacy in alleviating loneliness.

5. For similar reasons, polyandry may be practiced. There may, however, be motives not yet mentioned, but perhaps suggested by Nietzsche's statement that 90% of the men desire 10% of the women, or bq Mark Twain's comment that it would take fifty men to satisfy one woman. Undoubtedly the glamorous female could adapt to polyandry, but could males? Although few husbands would be willing to go through life having one-fiftieth of an interest in a mate, there are doubtless some who, for a brief period, might be interested in investing their surplus earnings in a share or two of Hollywood glamor. Then, too, there is the type of female who has half a dozen proposals but can never make up her mind. It is upon such considerations that the whole swingers and wife-swapping experimentation has been based.

6. Group marriages, for limited periods, may be preferred by some. To maintain harmony, elaborate rules might be necessary. Economic factors, to some extent, might determine the order and frequency of mating. As in Captain John. Smith's community, where food was alloted only to those who worked, so exchanges of affection might be conditional upon one's labor in, or contribution to, the household. Doing the dishes would have its reward. But apart from the economic aspect, some would doubtless feel less lonely and less bored living in a group-marriage clan. To run with the pack is for some the preferred way of life. In a well-ordered females, some might find a satisfactory balance between unihousehold peopled by, say, half a dozen males and half dozen formity and variety.

Looking farther into the future to a time when automation, world peace, a controlled population. and optimum